Cook 1991 defines multicompetence as the compound state of a mind with two grammars. Delving into the problem of the present simple tense. In 1972, selinker introduced the concept of interlanguage, which built upon pit corders previous work on the nature of language learners errors. The interlanguage hypothesis extended to children1 selinker. Studies in second language acquisition, 182, 149169. This thesis investigates the research area of the formation of a selfdirected, interactive multimedia, german acquisition programme, intended for firstyear university students. An interlanguage is an emerging linguistic system that has been developed by a learner of a second language or l2 who has not become fully proficient yet but is only approximating the target language. Jun 06, 2007 two languages could be compared in terms of their phonological systems, syntactic systems, vocabulary, writing systems, and cultural behavior. Selinker 1972 mentions other minor processes like hypercorrection, an exaggerated attempt to correct ones own deviation, which may lead to another kind of. Issues in second language acquisition and learning. Apr 30, 2014 selinkers 1972 interlanguage proposal lies at the heart of linguistic approaches to adult second language acquisition, especially subsumed under the theory of universal grammar. Question and answer exchanges are quite common between the students and the teacher.
Readers are encouraged to study more indepth to gain a full appreciation of the history, development, and implementation of this theory as it contains an extreme amount of complex information. It viewed learning as habit formation brought about. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Classroom work format is not revolutionized, but more time is devoted to individual rather than chorus activities. Selective attention and transfer phenomena in l2 acquisition. Selinker 1972 coined the term interlanguage to refer to the systematic knowledge. A study of speech act behaviour among native and nonnative speakers of hebrew. It also refers to the series of languages that have been constructed over. Ca and ea paved the way for interlanguage theory il hereinafter in describing l2 learners errors in the acquisition process of l2.
Fossilization in adult second language acquisition. The first theory is selfdetermination theory sdt proposed by deci and ryan 1985, as cited by deci, vallerand, pelletier, and ryan 1991. Fossilization in adult second language acquisition zhaohong. Abstract perhaps one of the most controversial issues in the field of second language acquisition is whether the. Corders and selinkers work became the foundation of modern research into second. Fossilization has attracted considerable interest among researchers and has engendered significant differences of opinion. An interlanguage is idiosyncratically based on the learners. Teachinginduced aspects of interlanguage discourse. Selinker s interlanguage theory selinker s interlanguage theory proposes that second language learners produce their own selfcontained system that falls somewhere between the l1 and the l2 systems. Pdf one of the most intractable issues in the field of.
We believe that at a first glance the notion of multicompetence may not seem to bring much new to selinkers 1972 interlanguage hypothesis. Interlanguage reflects the learners evolving system of rules, and results from a variety of processes, including the influence of the first language transfer, contrastive interference from the target language, and the overgeneralization of newly encountered rules. The interlanguage theory, that assumes that an active and independent learning mind. Thus, il theory has some problems which are summarised belo w. He published numerous guiding articles on interlanguage that results from the interference of learners first language in their second language learning process e. In order to do so, we will delve into theoretical key points that can underpin a.
Introduction selinker 1972 mentions nine different types of systematic languageproduction errors in a list said to be nonexhaustive. Larry selinker proposed the theory of interlanguage in 1972, noting that in a given situation the utterances produced by the learner are different from those native speakers would. Interlanguage includes all features from a learners l1 and the target language tl together with other phenomena that cannot be traced to these language systems. This paper is aimed at providing a comprehensive theoretical overview of numerous aspects concerning present simple affirmative sentence in order to look for new innovative directions towards the improvement of this type of structures in spanish students pertaining to the general compulsory secondary education. Selinkerinterlanguage symbols languages free 30day. Issues for second language instruction many teachers may skim through the middle chapters, or even duck them altogether, but chapter seven brings the issue to the classroom. The interlanguage hypothesis sees errors as evidence of l2 learners strategies of learning, rather than as signs of interference or as the persistence of bad habits which should be eradicated as. Interlanguage theory is often credited to larry selinker, who coined the terms interlanguage and fossilization. Selinker stated that interlanguage is a linguistic system that is used by the l2. These nine types of errors are assumed to be related to nine types of learning processes or strategies.
Selinkers concept of fossilization is similar to that of nemser, tarone, and sridhar, all of whom attempted to explore the causes of fossilization in second language learners interlanguage. L2 learning strategies are conscious based on problem. Fossilization stages of interlanguage development the linguistic system is not a. Maam mehwish slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Much research in recent years has directly addressed the what, how, and why of transfer and fossilization, yet these are not unique to adult l2 learners, but can also be found in. This is a brief overview of interlanguage for the reader to understand the main points. Pdf still wrestling with context in interlanguage theory. On the code linguistics side, selinkers interlanguage opened the way towards second language l2 acquisition research, taking a formalist perspective. Aug 04, 2016 hence i will leave out other major influences on my personal pedagogy e. Implications for the classroom the interlanguage theory, that assumes that an active and independent learning mind makes its own generalizations upon grappling with a new language, argues that the errors that a learner makes in the rules of the target language are often in fact correct by the rules of an inter. David crystal, a dictionary of linguistics and phonetics. Selinkers 1983 collction of articles by the same name. In order to do so, we will delve into theoretical key points.
In the early days of applied linguistics the disciplinary focus was on the teaching and learning of languages beyond first. Scribd is the worlds largest social reading and publishing site. Two languages could be compared in terms of their phonological systems, syntactic systems, vocabulary, writing systems, and cultural behavior. A number of researchers pointed out quite early on the need to consider interlanguage grammars in their own right with respect to principles and parameters of universal grammar, arguing that one should not compare l2 learners to native speakers of the l2 but instead consider whether interlanguage grammars are natural language systems e. A great number of empirical studies indicated that neither l1 nor l2 was always responsible for learners errors bailey et al. Interlanguage refers to the language a learner has constructed at a specific point in time, an interlanguage. The discussion in this book leads to the conclusion that it is the meaning potential of english that is the most salient features to teach, and to test. Interlanguage fossilization is a phenomenon of second language acquisition sla in which second language learners turn linguistic features that are correct in their first language into permanent errors in the way they speak and write the new language. Interlanguage is based on the theory that there is a dormant psychological framework in the human brain that is activated when one attempts to learn a second language. Although the difficulties in classifying systematic errors are apparent, some of these errors are 1 language transfer, 2 transfer of training, 3. The interlanguage hypothesis can be interpreted as a theory of the. Jul 15, 2019 a number of researchers pointed out quite early on the need to consider interlanguage grammars in their own right with respect to principles and parameters of universal grammar, arguing that one should not compare l2 learners to native speakers of the l2 but instead consider whether interlanguage grammars are natural language systems e. Dakowska, maria teaching english as a foreign language.
Selinkers five processes are language transfer, transfer of training, strategies of second language learning, strategies of second language communication, and overgeneralization. Schmidts noticing hypothesis, banduras selfefficacy theory, selinkers interlanguage hypothesis, mcclelland and rumelharts connectionism, etc. Fossilization in adult second language acquisition challenges the common perception that classroom explicit language instruction, particularly grammar instruction, is the. Keith johnson, helen johnson encyclopedic dictionary. Selinkers interlanguage opened the way towards second language l2 acquisition research, taking a formalist perspective. Using a methodological framework that combines learner corpus research with a contrastive perspective, the study is one of the very few in the field to incorporate corpora of the learners l1 to investigate the effects of l1 influence. Selinkers notion of interlanguage focuses only on the formal aspects of language. The oppositeness in the directions of approaching l2 problems. Related questions that continue to stimulate research. The interlanguage hypothesis can be interpreted as a theory of the independence of l2 grammar representations from both the l2 learner s l1 and the primary l2 data he or she is exposed to. Pdf the influence of first language l1 hereinafter in the learning of second language. Contrastive analysis, error analysis, interlanguage 1. Selinkers interlanguage il hypothesis and the related notion of fossilization have been an enduring influence in second language acquisition sla studies.
Language learning strategies appear to be central to this theory according to. These two characteristics of an interlanguage result in the systems unique linguistic organization. In 1985, selinker and douglas proposed a construct of discourse domains to show how. Larry selinker is professor emeritus of linguistics at the university of michigan, and former director of the universitys english language institute.
On the variability of interlanguage semantic scholar. Apr 30, 2014 this chapter claims that the interlanguage hypothesis is best understood, not as a theory of second language acquisition sla, but as a set of questions that motivate divergent answers and research programs. Theory of language this section discusses some language theories which are relevant with the current issues in foreign language teaching and learning, especially in indonesia context. Once research had revealed the processes involved, this would allow the definition of criteria for the design of l2 teaching. Introduction much recent work in second language acquisition research has been concerned with the nature of linguistic input in l2 acquisition. Still wrestling with context in interlanguage theory. Problems in the study of the communicative effect of learners errors. Selinkers interlanguage theory selinkers interlanguage theory proposes that second language learners produce their own selfcontained system that falls somewhere between the l1 and the l2 systems. Much research in recent years has directly addressed the what, how, and why of transfer and fossilization, yet these are not unique to adult l2 learners, but can also be found in other bilingual situations. The book introduces students to current issues of data collection and data analysis, as well as provides an historical overview of the field, thus giving students context and perspective about how todays issues arise from earlier approaches. It has been observed that a sl ceases to develop at some point becoming short of full identity with the target language. Chapter 1 introduces the thesis by discussing the methodology, which is chiefly historical and analytic. Jordens article on discourse functions in the interlanguage morphology of dutch and english learners of german.
When it comes to interlanguage errors, selinkers multiple effects principle 1992 seems to be at work in that no single factor can be pointed at as the one and only cause behind learner errors. Inter language is an important concept in second language acquisition field, which refers to. Selinker s paper only mentioned corder s in passing, but it nevertheless advanced his basic argument. Ca and ea paved the way for interlanguage theory il hereinafter in. Moreover, the closer to the l2 the l1 is, the more positive transfer is expected. Readers are encouraged to study more in depth to gain a full appreciation of the history, development, and implementation of this theory as it contains an extreme amount of complex information. The construct of interlanguage was proposed by larry selinker in 1972 and. Selinkers 1972 interlanguage proposal lies at the heart of linguistic approaches to adult second language acquisition, especially subsumed under the theory of universal grammar. This paper discusses the nature of interlanguage covering its nature, issues and. Brazilian portugueseenglish bilingualism does not affect. The concept of interlanguage was put forward by selinker in 19721 in order to draw attention. Enduring questions from the interlanguage hypothesis. Selinkers development of this concept of interlanguage emphasized the wide range of cognitive influences on this complex and often conscious constructive process. The relationship between interlanguage, learning and cross.
The book ends with the same 1983 afterword, which extracts the issues raised by all the. Interlanguage pragmatics as one of the branches of pragmatics and interlanguage studies schauer, 2009 was initially explained by kasper and dahl 1991 as l2 learners perception and. The first premise states that humans are born with an already established body of common grammatical knowledge, or intelligence which can also be described as a capacity, or a competence for language. The interlanguage hypothesis the interlanguage hypothesis is outlined in selinkers work when he proposes, following chomsky 1964. Selinker s development of this concept of interlanguage emphasized the wide range of cognitive influences on this complex and often conscious constructive process. Below is the outline that is usually followed while doing ca. Tarone notes that a central characteristic of any interlanguage is that it fossilizes 1994.
Principles and practice in second language acquisition. Interlanguage is based on the theory that there is a psychological structure latent in the brain which is activated when one attempts to learn a second language. Interlanguage was the first significant theory which tried to explain l2 acquisition. Selinkers 1972 basic question is whether there is a linguistic system that underlies the output of second language learners. Nowadays the field draws on a wider range of disciplines, and lantolf 20 seems to suggest that this wider focus is a sign of progress and increased preparedness to handle a wider range of problems, according to widdowson. An interlanguage is an idiolect that has been developed by a learner of a second language or l2 which preserves some features of their first language or l1, and can also overgeneralize some l2 writing and speaking rules. Approaching the language of the second language learner eric.
Another important claim is that the processes of interlanguage acquisition and use. L2 facilitation hypothesis and supports schachters theory that sla is a hypothesis testing process. Within his original conception of interlanguage, selinker 1972 first proposed that the speech of the second language learner is, instead of being composed of a series of errors or deviations from a correct standard, in fact a rulegoverned system that begins at the beginning whenever one attempts to express meaning in the target language selinker 1972. Interlanguage and causes and measures of fossilization. Interlanguage tarone major reference works wiley online. The chosen topics for the discussion here are genre and text, speech act, and communicative competence. Hence i will leave out other major influences on my personal pedagogy e. Selinkers interlanguage theory by erin tillman on prezi. Evidence from bilingual language processing studies.
October 2017 on teaching languages with technology. Contrastive analysis became associated with behaviorist psychology, which was another separate influence on language teaching, particularly on audiolingual language teaching, and especially in the united states. Selinker s interlanguage il hypothesis and the related notion of fossilization have been an enduring influence in second language acquisition sla studies. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the interlanguage il hypothesis should be extended from 1adult second. The simple fact of presenting a certain linguistic form to a learner. Selinker is an outstanding linguist who is best known for his theory of interlanguage.
113 468 877 392 938 1634 58 147 431 137 1224 757 1216 671 510 1503 1213 340 231 439 488 1233 1167 1122 1486 1220 1403 1424 1034 338 901